Cyber Bullying And Its Various Forms Essay Example For Students

Digital Bullying And Its Various Forms Essay Digital Bullying in its different structures is one of the quickest creating issues that numerous young people need to confront every day. Digital domineering jerks will in general be inspired by a few unique things, from outrage at their casualties, to desire; to individual issues in their lives. Some digital domineering jerks assault casualties for diversion purposes or to feel some type of intensity. With such a significant number of parts of innovation at some random domineering jerk s removal, digital harassing is neither troublesome nor unprecedented. The establishment of digital harassing can be fundamentally partitioned into two attributes, individual and social. Digital tormenting is a horrible demonstration that can devastate someone’s notoriety rapidly, cause extreme long lasting harm and potentially death.In 2001 Dr. Tonya Nansel and a few associates led and distributed the primary US concentrate with a broadly agent test utilizing a mysterious self-report survey with in excess of 15,000 understudies in levels 6 through 10. Nansel and her kindred scientists expressed that, inside a solitary school term, 17% of youngsters said they had been harassed â€Å"sometimes† 19% had tormented others â€Å"sometimes† and 6% said they had been tormented and had harassed others â€Å"sometimes† (Kowalski, Robin M., Limber, Susan P., Agatston, Patricia W 26). The 2010-2011 School Crime Supplement (National Center for Education Statistics and Bureau of Justice Statistics) shows that 9% of understudies in grades 6â€12 experienced digital harassing. The 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey finds that 15% of secondary school understudies (grades 9-12) were electronically tormented in the previous year. Research on digital harassing is developing. In any case, in light of the fact that kids’ innovation use changes quickly, it is hard to configuration overviews that precisely catch patterns (bullyingstatistics.gov). Digital. .eel humiliated or awkward. Understanding the admonition signs can help guardians in the counteraction of their kids falling prey to menaces or help them to not participate in the demonstration of tormenting. Treatment and mediation are two acceptable strategies in assisting with rewarding a kid who shows indications of harassing. References Kowalski, Robin M., Limber, Susan P. , and Agatston, Patricia W.. Cyberbullying : Bullying in the Digital Age (second Edition). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley Sons, 2012. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 22 July 2015. Feinberg, Ted, and Nicole Robey. CYBERBULLYING. The Education Digest 74.7 (2009): 26-31. ProQuest. Web. 23 July 2015. Holladay, Jennifer. CYBERBULLYING. The Education Digest 76.5 (2011): 4-9. ProQuest. 23 July 2015 . http://www.stopbullying.gov/http://www.stopbullying. gov/resourceshttp://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/realities on-bullying.html

Compare H.G. Wells The Red Room and Farthing House by Susan Hill Essay

Look at H.G. Wells' The Red Room and Farthing House by Susan Hill There was no mix-up about it. The fire disappeared, as though the wick had been out of nowhere nipped between a finger and thumb, leaving the wick neither sparkling or smoking, yet dark. Ghost stories utilize dull and dread of it as a key component, and most events occur in the night, or potentially in obscurity. The point of this exposition is to investigate the two short stories - The Red Room by H.G. Wells and Farthing House by Susan Hill. The Red Room was composed pre twentieth century and Farthing house was composed post twentieth century. I will chiefly take a gander at the equation based structure of the accounts and the pressure that is developed all through them by the creators. A decent apparition story includes a blend of pressure and an intriguing plot or storyline. The standard components - for example old houses/burial grounds/other evil settings, undermining servants/visitors/commotions, remaining for the time being, dull/night, compromising climate (for example tempests, thunder) and a passing/past spooky history all assistance to make the class and allure the peruser to proceed perusing. There ought to be contorts in the story, to help make it more fascinating, and less unsurprising. There is additionally regularly a great deal of riddle included - baffling key characters, obscure clamors and individuals and so forth. The Red Room is a pre-twentieth century story, composed by H.G. Wells in 1896. It is about a room that is purportedly spooky and the story is told by a youngster who is going through the night there. He begins very unquestionably however supposedly on he turns out to be more and progressively startled and the strain increments. The Red Room is about the individual experience of the youngster while in the room, and his own dread o... ...ing plots. A few components of the first recipe have stuck, which is the reason 'The Red Room' and 'Farthing House' are so comparable, albeit composed years separated. I believe that they have stuck on the grounds that they are a triumphant mix that draws in perusers. After some time phantom stories have become progressively well known and a few stories have additionally been appeared as movies or TV programs. This shows they are as yet a mainstream part of culture and most likely will keep on be later on. Movies and TV programs still frequently stick to the equation - setting and history, for instance. Anyway the visual pictures and plots contrast. Farthing House is declaration to this, the setting is comparative however the plot and reason varies. I was not apprehensive any longer, not since I knew what her identity was and why she had been there, escaping her bed in Cedar room, to go looking for her infant.

The Secret Financial History of Commercialized Christmas

The Secret Financial History of Commercialized Christmas The Secret Financial History of Commercialized Christmas The Secret Financial History of Commercialized ChristmasChristmas started getting commercialized well before the 20th century, but it took Coca-Cola to launch a certain jolly old elf into the commercial stratosphere.Tis the season to be… spending?! Yes, it’s true. Thats because the Christmas is far more than just a religious holiday. It also means shopping season, both in the United States and in many other countries around the world.So why is it this way? Here’s how David Barbour, co-founder of Vivio Life Sciences (@viviolifesciences) answered that: “The nature of commerce and consumerism. The people want times designated for shopping and sales, and retailers want customer influx.Commerce will continue to expand, and holidays are a tribute to such realities. People love to buy things and receive presents and rejoice in spending money. And companies love making money on big holidays. It is almost mandatory for retailers, both online and with physical locations, to offer holid ay sales and promotions.”But how did it get this way? Let’s hitch a ride with the Ghost of Holiday Shopping Seasons Past and find out. It all begins with a saint named Nick.The first time Christmas was officially celebrated on December 25th was in 336 AD in Rome. The Emperor at the time was Constantine, the first Christian Roman Emperor. It is unclear if he hoped the celebration would boost the economy through an increase in shopping at the Roman forum.The “real” Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas of Myra, was still alive at the time of that first “official” Christmas. He probably didn’t have any reindeer given that he lived in modern-day Turkey, but he was known for his generosity and gift-giving, which inspired the Dutch icon of Sinterklaas.But while neither Christmas nor Saint Nick were initially capitalistic entities, they actually started becoming intertwined with commerce earlier than you might think.Santa baby, you know I’ve been an awfully good shopper.While our cur rent idea of shopping seasons and GDP-boosting holiday spending may be uniquely recent, there were older precedents. Tim Connaghan, National Santa (@SantaHollywood), gave us a crash course on the commercial history of Christmas and Santa:“Surprisingly, in medieval times, St. Nicholas was part of the festivities during market times following All Saints’ Day, when the farmers and craftsmen would barter and trade at market to prepare for the coming winter months. In those times, the feast of St. Nicholas was on December 6th, and in the weeks preceding his feast, there might be plays or parades honoring the Saint, and children knew they might be rewarded on his feast if they had been good.“This early element of marketing, beginning November 1st, has carried over to our modern day Holiday Season. And the only big change came when the Protestant Reformation, espoused by Martin Luther, eliminated the adoration of saints, including Nicholas, thus eliminating the gift giving from the s aint. In its place, Luther promoted the gift giving to come from the Christ Child and be on his birthday, December 25th. And the Christ Mass eventually became Christmas. Along the way, the Winter Solstice also disappeared, with Christmas taking its place.”But how exactly did the Santa Claus you see in the mall come to be?“There is lots more to go with the evolution of the American Santa: Beginning in the early 19th Century, starting with the writings of Washington Irving, to Clement Moore’s poem A Visit From St. Nicholas giving us detailed descriptions, all leading to the illustrations from Thomas Nast which gave us a visual image of Santa. Then in 1931, Haddon Sundblom was commissioned to create a wholesome looking Santa for a Coca-Cola advertising campaign. With Coke’s very well developed advertising, the image of Santa reached millions and firmly established today’s most popular look. He would annually create new images of the Coca-Cola Santa for over thirty years.So wh ile it’s common to hear pundits mourn the commercialization of Christmas, much of what we know of Christmas has either been tied to or even originated from commercialization.The reason for the season.But even if Christmas as we know it is inherently commercial, that doesn’t mean the holiday season can’t still be meaningful. After all, people have used the cold winter months as a time to reflect and spend time with loved ones for millennia.“Yes there is a strong commercialism to Christmas,” acknowledged Connaghan. “One reason Valentine Davies wrote Miracle on 34th Street was because he was worried about the commercialization and hoped that this story would give many a chance to look at Christmas in a different light.“It is unique that this element of giving at the Christmas season has continued for over seventeen centuries. But it is not just because of advertising and marketing. It’s also about parents and family wanting to do something for their children or each of us wanting to do something for a friend, or loved one, or possibly someone in need. There is a special ‘warm’ feeling that we enjoy when giving.“St. Nicholas gave away all of his wealth in caring for others and, in doing so was trying to teach us to care about our fellow man, and when possible or necessary, to give and assist. It does not always have to be gifts or money, but can also be in giving our time and service to assist others. And in doing so, we get to enjoy some wonderful feelings.”So whether you’re shopping, spending time with loved ones, or getting Chinese food and watching a movie, we hope you have a great holiday season. If you enjoyed this story, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The Secret Financial History of Voting25 Little-Known Presidential Money FactsMoney at the Movies: Does Box Office Gold Mean a Best Picture Win?The 12 Worst Financial Scandals In HistoryWhat else do you want to know about the financial side of history?  Let u s know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsDavid Barbour is the co-founder of  Vivio Life Sciences (@viviolifesciences), a wellness company that applies fundamental biology to help people target health, natural beauty, and well-being.National Santa  Tim Connaghan  (@SantaHollywood)  has served in the Red Suit since 1969.  That’s fifty years! He has gone from his first volunteer task in Vietnam to working for National Department Stores, to joining with other celebrities at events, to appearing in National and International Commercials, and presiding over major National media events.  As the National Santa for the Marine Toys for Tots, he volunteers and coordinates Santa visit all across the U.S. He is also the Official Santa for the Hollywood Christmas Parade.

Essay about Dreams Their Analysis - 1413 Words

Dreams Their Analysis The assignment is to recall a dream and analyze it from one or two theoretical perspectives weve learned thus far in dream analysis. Dreams have been a vehicle to express emotions, thoughts and feelings. Sometimes they pose questions which have been rooted in our conscious. Dreams are personalized works which we have consciously directed and created in our minds and no one interpretation is right or wrong. Weeks later upon receiving this assignment I had an incredible dream of my mother of which I will never forget. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It was a beautiful sunny day, not one cloud to blemish the sky. I remember this particular afternoon being warm and bright. The scenery†¦show more content†¦I felt threatened and didnt trust crossing this bridge and my mother instinctively new my fear and preceded to cross, reassuring me it was safe. I didnt cross the bridge but watched her take her steps alone. She reached the middle of the bridge and it collapsed. I ran towards the edge looking down at my mother as she was struggling to hold on and trying to get a better grip. She was calling out my name, begging me to help her, but I just stood there frozen in silence and feeling no emotion. I saw her fingers turn white as they lost their hold one by one, until she was holding on with just one hand. She turned her head to look at me one last time before she lost the grip in her other hand and fell. I remember hearing no noise of her body hitting the water, just empty silence, but the expression of her face is etched into my memory. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Remembering this dream brings up emotions of guilt and was painful to envision. There are many theoretical perspectives one can use to analyze such dreams. Ultimately to find a potential explanation or interpretation of what dreams mean. I have looked closer into the works of Sigmund Freud to study what this all means and maybe find an appropriate analysis of my dream. Freud is one of the most popular theorists today and has developed many theoretical perspectives pertaining to personality. He organized three levelsShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Dreams1305 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Dreams by Timothy Findley We are such stuff as dreams are made on (Shakespeare The Tempest) perhaps most accurately sums up the human fascination with their own dreams. Fleeting, transitory, and possessing their own reason, these strange passes of fancy strike attention and draw importance to themselves. In Timothy Findley s short story Dreams, the human obsession with, and dependence upon, dreams is taken up in detail. The story can be seen as symbolic in its entirety, with eachRead MoreDream Analysis2326 Words   |  10 PagesDREAM ANALYSIS This reflective essay illustrates Freud’s theory of dream analysis. It will begin with a brief overview of Freudian dream theory and will go on to describe the various components of personality structure and the unconscious from a psychodynamic perspective. This essay will analyse one of my personal dreams using Freud’s dream analysis theory and conclude with a critical reflection on the application of his theory as it relates to my dream. When Freud famously referred to dreamsRead MoreA Dream Within a Dream Analysis907 Words   |  4 PagesA Dream within a Dream By Edgar Allen Poe The poem â€Å"A Dream within A Dream† by Edgar Allen Poe is about how it feels to lose your hopes and your dreams all at once in a very sorrowful and frustrating manner. In the first stanza he is asking the reader if it matters that his purpose, motivation, and his love has been taken away by life itself and whether or not it was worth it. Although, with the lines â€Å"All that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream† has the meaning that what he thinksRead MoreAnalysis Of My Dream1056 Words   |  5 PagesDream In my dream, I saw my stepmom talking to a group of men. This group of men looked like they were part of a bike gang, and they all had either a knife or a gun on them. The group of men had scary tattoos all over them, leather vests, and distressed jeans on with boots. The men took off and were headed to an apartment complex in search of someone. They didn’t knock on any doors or try to break into a specific apartment; they were just walking around looking for someone outside the apartment buildingsRead MoreAntwone Dream Analysis1470 Words   |  6 Pagesthat process is no different. Dream analysis, however, could be an effective way for a counselor to treat the problems that Antwone is having. As a currently angry individual, Antwone recalls some of the dreams he was having when trying to sleep. The movie opens with a dream sequence showing Antwone as a little kid in a field. He enters a building, which is presumed to be a church and is surrounded by what is presumed to be his family members. Antwone, in this dream, is led to a table covered inRead MoreDream A Little Dream Of Me Analysis Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Dream a Little Dream of Me† Music Analysis First recorded in 1931 by Oswald George Nelson, known as Ozzie Nelson, with his orchestra, â€Å"Dream a Little Dream of Me† came into existence. Two days later, after Ozzie Nelson had recorded â€Å"Dream a Little Dream of Me†, the song was again recorded on February 18, 1931 by orchestra leader and musician Wayne King. Since those first two recordings of â€Å"Dream a Little Dream of Me† there have been approximately 60 versions by many well-known artists of whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Dream Of The Rood1037 Words   |  5 Pagesstory where the author has the ability to control how it is interpreted. The Dream of the Rood is written so that it makes it difficult for the reader to see the difference between a savior and a warrior. If a story was written simply stating the individual’s goal rather than how that goal was achieved it would be easy to see them as a savior but it could be difficult to see them as a warrior. Presenting literary analysis fro m different sources will explain how the author portrayed the protagonistsRead MoreDream Analysis Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesof us have at one time or another experienced a dream, be it a nightmare or a pleasant walk in a forest. Either way, it was always believed that dreams encompass a coded message that might be expressing our hidden wishes, things that happened in the past or even predict the future. In the past, there have been many attempts to unravel the secret hidden behind the dreams and so far the world came up with three main theories of interpreting the dreams (Freudian, Jungian and Cognitive)(Wade, Travis 1998)Read MoreHoop Dreams Analysis2621 Words   |  11 PagesLorenzo de Medici Film Analysis: Hoop Dreams (1994) Written by Ann Kelsey Cinema of the Real: Documentary Films Paolo Grassini December 5, 2012 The 1994 Documentary, Hoop Dreams, directed by Steve James, is a masterful display of human drama. The story-line is so captivating and theatrical that it seems crafted from fiction. The Documentary boasts cinematic techniques and private investigating that rivals most film of this time period. The film follows the high school careersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Dream Of The Rood 1727 Words   |  7 Pagesmidnight on 19 October 2017. Each topic is worth 20 points, for a total of 100 points. You may answer in any order you wish. . . (1) Our book includes Dream of the Rood (or cross); you can find it on pages 32-36. In your view, does this poem help us better to understand and interpret Beowulf? Should they be assigned together? In The Dream of the Rood, the Cross shows a vas sort of fidelity to Christ all through the whole torturous killing. This effective scene indicates Jesus baring himself

Savagery In Lord Of The Flies - 1604 Words

This begins to explain one of the main themes throughout the novel Lord of the Flies. For one to be uncivilized is to be barbaric and inhuman, without having a sense of culture and social development. When innocence or civilization is lost, levels of economic, social, technological, political, and cultural evolution differentiates from that of the normal, because ideas, values, institutions, and achievements of a particular society is changed. The boys in Lord of the Flies find themselves in a situation where their only option was to learn to grow up and learn to do it fast on their own. They have to learn how to survive and fend for themselves without the presence of any adult figures, and create a prosperous society for their own. They†¦show more content†¦This shows that if they do not come back, all hope of being rescued is lost and they have begun to be taken over by their savage natures and are unable to be rescued. Eventually as there is no one left to follow Ralph, t he conch is lost of its power, because his attempt to keep them civilized and on his side has failed. Since Jack seems he can exist outside of the control of the conch, because when he talks the boys listen, no matter the circumstance. He has a more dictator ruling over on his side of the island. Jack shouted â€Å"Conch! Conch! We don’t need the conch anymore. We know who ought to say things. What good did Simon do speaking, or Bill, or Walter? It’s time people some people knew they’ve got to keep quiet and leave deciding things to the rest of us-† (110/111). Jack is assuring the rest of the boys that the conch is not a part of his side of the island and the only rule is to listen to him because he outnumbers any of them. When Piggy is struck with the boulder, it is of no coincidence that the â€Å"fragile† conch is destroyed as well. Without the conch there is no order and without Piggy there is no reasoning voice or adult-like figure left to con nect the society and civilization together. This is where all good intentions die and power is diminished and is up for grabs. This incident brings out their true, dominant, disorder and savagery as the balance inShow MoreRelatedSavagery In Lord Of The Flies1461 Words   |  6 PagesSavagery is exceptionally presented throughout Lord of the Flies written by William Golding. Savagery invites fear into a person’s life, making it difficult to navigate on a normal basis, fear controls the actions of the boys in dramatic ways throughout the novel. The three points in this essay that will be discussed will be the de-evolution of the boys as the novel progresses, the adult presence on the island and the effects that ensue afterwards and how different Jack’s tribe and Ralph’s tribeRead MoreSavagery In Lord Of The Flies1385 Words   |  6 Pagesfollow the rules or to rebel against them. The act of our civilization is controlled by the laws and rules that we follow, whe re the act of our savagery is conducted by our selfish attitude. Humans tend to live either by laws of a society by the way they feel what is the right way to live. William Golding writes a creative and captivating novel, Lord of the Flies, where the inevitable truth about human nature is brought to full focus. He paints a vivid portrait of a group of British schoolboys who areRead MoreSavagery In Lord Of The Flies1581 Words   |  7 Pages The struggle between humanity and savagery portrayed through the events of William Golding’s Lord of the Flies demonstrates how simple it is for one to succumb to the mannerisms of depravity. This is impossible with the implementation of structure and order, as such concepts provide boundaries and keep man sane and behaved. Once the boys arrive on the island, isolated and expelled from society, they look to a shell to relieve them of this hardship, and to institute a form of government that willRead MoreSavagery In Lord Of The Flies2060 Words   |  9 Pagesbeliefs, is endowed with the capacity for savagery As a way to cope and persevere, one acquires the ability to become savage when put into a world loaded with predicaments of dominance and authority. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, the author delineates the theme of savagery through the actions and thoughts of the boys on the island. Golding meticulously demonstrates the elements in the novel that have a sub stantial significance on the boys’ act of savagery such as the moments when the boys provokeRead More Lord of the Flies - Savagery Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies - Savagery â€Å"There are too many people, and too few human beings.† (Robert Zend) Even though there are many people on this planet, there are very few civilized people. Most of them are naturally savaged. In the book, Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, boys are stranded on an island far away, with no connections to the adult world. These children, having no rules, or civilization, have their true nature exposed. Not surprisingly, these children’s nature happens to be savageryRead MoreSavagery In Lord Of The Flies Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesJulian Viney Mrs. Jenkins English 10 December 15, 2017 Island of the Savages In William Golding’s novel The Lord of the Flies, the reader is exposed to an island of boys and what happens to them slowly over the course of the book. There is a theme of the constant power struggle between the boys civilization and their inner savagery. This is shown through the boys as their time on the island grows greater and greater, especially through an individual named Jack Merridew. When the boys firstRead MoreSavagery vs. Instincts in Lord of the Flies1117 Words   |  5 PagesSavagery vs. Instincts in Lord of the Flies The Seed of Evil This is an island. At least I think its an island. Thats a reef out in the sea. Perhaps there arent any grownups anywhere (Ralph, Chapter 1). Stranded on an island, facing a crisis that resulted from one of humanity’s many wars, the boys become a model that represents humanity itself. They organize to help one another cope with this strange experience. A tiny system of government is formed, and the boys are somehow empoweredRead MoreLord Of The Flies Inner Savagery Analysis1043 Words   |  5 PagesMickey Henesy Ms. Tantlinger Honors English 10 2 January 2018 How Inner Savagery Is Revealed When Power Is Priority Lord of the Flies by William Golding is an allegory in regards to the generalization that when man wants power, man loses empathy. When empathy is lost, humanity is also lost and hopes for civilization vanish. Jack’s hunt for power and his willingness to take control any way he can shows the lack of humanity within him. Roger starts off as an innocent boy, but when no consequencesRead MoreLord of the Flies - Civilization vs Savagery2896 Words   |  12 PagesWilliam Golding’s experience in World War II had an overwhelming effect on his view of humanity and the evils of which it was capable. After the war, Golding resumed teaching and wrote his first novel, Lord of the Flies. Lord Of The Flies tells us the story of a handful of young schoolboys who had been marooned on an island as the plane that they were travelling, on to escape the war was shot down. The only survivors were the passengers, British schoolchildren between the ages of six and thirteenRead MoreLord Of The Flies : Human Savagery And The Flow Of Power1592 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies is a chilling work about human savagery and the flow of power. Golding uses symbolism, characterization, and description to illustrate the occurrences and the underlying themes in the novel. The work has an ominous but irresistible tone that Golding lays out through his description of the island. Golding makes the island seem sinister and irresistible by writing,† The shore was fledged with palm trees. These stood or leaned or reclined against the light and their green feathers

Injustice Anywhere Free Essays

string(36) " from cruel and unusual punishment\." Injustice Anywhere is a Threat to Justice Everywhere Sabeen Ijaz Ahmed B. B. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Injustice Anywhere or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. (Hons) 4th Year, GIFT University This article won the first prize (Rs. 25,000 cash) in the 2nd Annual All Pakistan Essay Writing Competition held by Quaid-e-Azam Law College. â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. † These powerful words were penned in a letter from a prison cell of Birmingham Jail in 1963, by one of America’s best known advocate of equal rights – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, all humans are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Before we make society understand the need of justice in this essay lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required and as, overwhelmingly important: justice can be thought of as distinct from, and more important than, benevolence, charity, mercy, generosity or compassion. All of these things may be valuable, but they are supererogatory rather than required. We need to know more than this: we need to know what justice is, not merely what it is not, and several answers to that problem have been proposed.. Justice is linked, both etymologically and conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for one’s beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification – the source or basis – of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its overwhelming importance. Justice becomes more essential for Islamic country like our due to the emphasis of Islamic teachings on justice. As it is said in Quran: â€Å"God enjoins justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbids indecency and abomination and wickedness. † [Surah Nahl; 16:90] Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of revelation and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Thus, one of the early scholars of Islam has said that: â€Å"Where the signs of Justice appear and its face is shown in any way that is where the Law of God and His religion are found. † Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own self and our kith and kin, for love too can lead to injustice. â€Å"O you who believe! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin† [Surah Nisa; 4: 135] â€Å"And if you give your word, you must be just, even though it be against your kin, and fulfill the covenant of God. For that is what He has commanded you that you may remember. † [Surah An’am; 6: 152] The fear of committing injustice may even prevent the doing of an act that is otherwise permissible. In fact one of the derived principles of the Shar’iah is that all permissible things are permissible provided that no damage or harm results to others from their practice and that in the event that such damage or harm is -suspected or confirmed, the permissible shall be prohibited to avert such damage or harm. Issues of justice arise in several different spheres and play a significant role in causing, perpetuating, and addressing conflict. Just institutions tend to instill a sense of stability, well-being, and satisfaction among society members, while perceived injustices can lead to dissatisfaction, rebellion, or revolution. Each of the different spheres expresses the principles of justice and fairness in its own way, resulting in different types and concepts of justice; distributive, procedural, retributive, and restorative. These types of justice have important implications for socio-economic, political, civil, and criminal justice at both the national and international level. Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available. Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members. When issues of distributive justice are inadequately addressed and the item to be distributed is highly valued, intractable conflicts frequently result. Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes that ensure â€Å"fair treatment. † Rules must be impartially followed and consistently applied in order to generate an unbiased decision. If people believe procedures to be fair, they will be more likely to accept outcomes, even ones that they do not like. Implementing fair procedures is central to many dispute resolution procedures, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. Retributive justice appeals to the notion of â€Å"just dessert† – the idea that . people deserve to be treated in the same way they treat others. It is a retroactive approach that justifies punishment as a response to past injustice or wrongdoing. The central idea is that the offender has gained unfair advantages through his or her behavior, and that punishment will set this imbalance straight. While it is difficult to give a complete and adequate definition of justice, most observers can recognize clear examples of serious injustice when they arise. Such injustice comes in various forms, wherever the norms of distributive justice, procedural justice, or human rights are violated. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. You read "Injustice Anywhere" in category "Papers" Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. If voting or litigation procedures, for example, are perceived to be unjust, any outcome they produce is liable to be unstable and produce conflict. In addition,; any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. The highly-publicized rape case of Mukhtaran Mai, also referred to as Mukhtar Mai or Mukhtaran Bibi, highlights the Pakistani government’s shortcomings in dealing with violence against women and its persecution of rape victims. In 2002, Mukhtaran was sentenced to be gang raped by a tribal council in the province of Punjab as punishment for her younger brother’s alleged affair with a woman from a powerful clan. After the initial trial, six men were sentenced to death for the gang rape, while eight others were acquitted. However, last June, the Punjab High Court overturned five of the convictions and reduced the sixth to a life sentence. Mukhtaran Mai received donations adding up to $160,000 from New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristoff’ s coverage of the case. Mukhtaran has used the money to open two schools in her village, a shelter for abused women and provide her village with an ambulance. When Mukhtaran was invited to the United States to talk about her case, the Pakistani government – fearing hat she would malign the country’s image abroad – denied her travel visa to the United States, and placed her under house arrest. Only -fallowing great international attention and pressure was the travel ban lifted. While Pakistan’s High Court suspended the acquittals of Mukhtaran’s rapists and will be re-examining the case, the government’s lassi tude in amending the Hudood Ordinances – which place insurmountable obstacles for women to safely and successfully obtain justice in their rape cases – foments an environment in which violence is perpetrated against women with virtual impunity. If women are unable to prove rape under the Hudood law, which requires four adult Muslim males to have witnessed the crime or the confession of the rapist himself, then the victims themselves may be tried for adultery or fornication. Mukhtaran is not the only victim of our political injustice. According to press reports cited by the Pakistan Human Rights Commission, a non-governmental organization, more than 10,000 women are raped every year in Pakistan, although the real figure is thought to be much higher. As in all countries, women are often reluctant to report rape, for social reasons as well as distrust of the judicial process. In Pakistan, there are additional legal barriers to pursuing a rape conviction. The rape law itself, one of the offenses of zina under the Hudood Ordinances, requires either the confession of the perpetrator or the eye-witness testimony of at least four Muslim adult male witnesses to the rape. If she is unable to prove rape, a woman who reports rape to the police is vulnerable to prosecution herself under the Hudood Ordinances for fornication if she is unmarried or adultery if she is married. In addition to these formidable legal barriers to the prosecution of rape, there have been several reports of police involvement in rapes and gang-rapes and of police protection of those accused of rape, particularly when they are from influential families. Women who have been raped are also at risk of â€Å"honor† killings, whereby a male relative kills them because they are thought to have dishonored the family’s name in the community by transgressing social norms, which is seen to include having been raped. It has been estimated that on average one thousand â€Å"honor† killings take place each year in Pakistan. Even the Pakistan Government’s National Commission on the Status of Women has recommended repeal of the Hudood Ordinances on the grounds that they are discriminatory towards women and not in accordance with Islamic injunctions. They are also contrary to the Convention on the Elimination of ; All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) , to which Pakistan is a party, and to the Constitution of Pakistan, which states at Article 25 that â€Å"(1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled for equal protection of law. (2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone. Crimes of honor are a pre-Islamic practice deeply rooted in the tribal societies of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) where Upper Dir is located, Balochistan province, as well as those of Sindh and Punjab where they are called â€Å"karo kari†. In these rigidly patriarchal communities, wives, daughters, sisters and mothers are killed for the least sexual indiscretion and upon the slightest suspicion of adultery. Murders in the name of honor fall under the purview of the customary ‘qisas and diyat’ law. Riddled with flaws, it makes prosecution extremely difficult. Activists have been urging the government to reform the law but a bill seeking to bolster secular law against honor killings, presented in parliament last year, was defeated as un-Islamic. â€Å"Drastic changes are needed,† Rakshanda Naz, resident director of Aurat Foundation told IPS. â€Å"The social mind-set, specially the attitude of the courts, needs to change. Often the courts adopt a lenient view towards an accused on the grounds of â€Å"grave and sudden provocation† which is nowhere in the law,† she added. Sections of the qisas and diyat law work to the advantage of the accused in the trial and appellate stages. Under section 309 of the law, an adult wall (legal heir) of a deceased could use his right of qisas (to forgive the accused). Similarly, under section 310, the offence of murder is made a compoundable offence and any heir of a deceased could forgive an accused by compounding his right of qisas after receiving compensation.. Since in most honor-related murders, either a husband or parents are the heirs of the slain woman and as the murder takes place in connivance with almost all the family members, they prefer to waive their right of qisas and pardon the accused. Each time, the judicial response has appeared to violate the basic principles of justice, activists observed. Uzma Mehboob, a women’s rights activist, said no FIR was registered in a recent case in a remote hamlet in NWFP’s Mardan district where a powerful landowner sprayed his daughter and driver, who had eloped together, with bullets. Economic injustice involves the state’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available in that society. Many scholars and activists note that in order to truly address injustice internationally, we must strive to understand its underlying causes. These causes have to do with underdevelopment, economic pressures, various social problems, and international conditions. Indeed, the roots of repression, discrimination, and other injustice stem from deeper and more complex political, social, and economic problems. It is only by understanding and ameliorating these root causes and strengthening civil society that we can truly protect human rights. Addressing political injustice is often a matter of developing institutions of fair governance, such as a responsible police force and judiciary. Legislative action and executive decision-making should likewise be held accountable. Such measures are sometimes a matter of reforming state institutions or revising state constitution. In cases where some groups are excluded from political participation, the state can remedy violations of political rights by promoting political inclusion and empowering subordinate groups. Public decision-making should respond to the will of the citizens, and members of the society should have the opportunity to participate in the formulation, execution, and monitoring of state policies. In other words, a culture of political involvement and public participation should be fostered. In addition, there are various social structural changes that might give groups more social, economic, and/or political power. This is often accomplished through the strengthening of the economy and civil society in conjunction with democratization efforts. In some cases countries require outside assistance for election monitoring, nation-building programs and the development of governmental infrastructure to make their political system more stable. Addressing systemic economic injustice is often a matter of economic reforms that give groups better access to jobs, health care, and education. In many cases, lack of access to basic services stems from enormous inequalities in resource distribution. Redistribution of benefits and resources can thus-‘ be an important component of social structural changes to remedy injustice. There are various institutional and economic development reforms that might be put in place to raise living standards and boost economic growth. In addition, by creating social and economic safety nets, states can eliminate tension and instability caused by unfair resource allocation. A central goal of responding to injustice is paving the way for future peace. Once conflict has ended and policies of oppression have been repealed, society members face the task of rebuilding their society. Many believe that measures aimed at restorative justice are well-suited for this task. Restorative Justice is concerned with healing wounds of victims and repairing harm done to interpersonal relationships and the community. It can play a crucial role in responding to severe human rights violations or cases of genocide. Huge advances are made when governments tell the truth about past atrocities carried out by the state. It is thought that true healing equires remembering the atrocities committed, repenting, and forgiving. War crimes inquiries and truth commissions can aid in the process of memory and truth telling and help to make public the extent to which victims have/suffered. One of the tragic examples of restorative injustice in Pakistan is of the incident of taking away Masihs children away from him. According to the law, all parents in Pakistan â⠂¬â€œ including Christian parents such as the Masihs – have the right to raise their children in their own faith. But the law isn’t always followed in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Particularly when it comes to Christians. The girls were taken Jan. 25 by the family’s landlady and her husband with police escorts. The couple contended that the children had converted to Islam and should no longer remain in a Christian home. The Masihs maintain that their daughters are still Christians, no matter what anyone says, and that even if they did convert to Islam, they should stay with their parents. But 14-year-old Nadia, 11-year-old Nyla and 9-year-old Nabila are gone, and it’s unclear whether they’ll ever be allowed to return home. The city magistrate overseeing the case admits he decided against the Christians not on the basis of law but on public sentiment and a concern that he could have a religious riot on his hands. â€Å"Legally speaking, they should have been given to their parents,† says Kamran? Abdullah Siddiqi, leaning back in a cushioned chair in his office, where two armed policeman sit against a wall. But Siddiqi says if he did that, â€Å"Some crazy person would come and say these are the children of Islam. They’d say we’re going to chop you. We’re going to shoot you. We’re going to – what did the KKK used to say in America? – lynch you. † Article 36 of Pakistan’s Constitution promises to safeguard the rights and interests of religious minorities. But human rights organizations say that’s not happening. The U. S. State Department agrees, citing a government-fostered â€Å"atmosphere of religious intolerance† that has led to violence against religious minorities. In Pakistan, 97 percent of the population is Muslim; the rest is made up mostly of Christians but also of Hindus, Buddhists and other groups. Partly at the prodding of concerned American Christian groups, the U. S. Congress earlier this month passed legislation requiring the president to take action against nations that engage in a pattern of religious persecution. In the 1980s, the United States gave Pakistan billions of dollars for economic development. But in recent years, concern that Pakistan was developing a nuclear bomb has prompted sanctions, slashing aid to the millions of dollars, most of it for humanitarian, food and counter narcotics efforts. Pakistan’s decision to test nuclear weapons in – May – further cooled US – Pakistan relations. Pakistan’s pattern of religious persecution, documented for years in State Department reports, could lead to further sanctions. This is not the only case, there are still many stories but the need here is not just to highlight the stories but also to make sure these stories end up with the mess they have already poured in our Islamic society. Restoration often becomes a matter of restitution or war reparations. In cases where clear acts of injustice have taken place, some type of compensation package can help to meet the material and emotional needs of victims and remedy the injustice. Repentance can also help to re-establish relationships among the conflicting parties and help them to move toward reconciliation. In some cases, conflicts can end more peacefully when parties acknowledge their guilt and apologize than when formal war crimes adjudication or criminal proceedings are used. In cases of civil war, because the line between offenders and victims can become blurred, a central goal of peace building is to restore the community as a whole. Restoration often becomes tied to the transformation of the relationship between the conflicting parties. However, such restoration cannot take place unless it is supported by wider social conditions and unless the larger community makes restorative processes available. Many note that an adequate response to injustice must involve social structural changes, reconstruction programs to help communities ravaged by conflict, democratization and the creation of institutions of civil society. Only then can the underlying causes of injustice be remedied. Summing up my thesis I would only add that by setting examples of injustice we are actually creating fear in the society to fight for their basic rights. This fear is one of the major causes of our poor economy and this is the vital reason, why we are left behind from other countries. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1)http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/address_in justice/ 2)http://www. spectrezine. org/global/Bello. htm 3)Pakistan, G. (2003). Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The Road Ahead. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. 4)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_justice 5)http://www. injusticefilm. co. uk/impactofinjustice. htm 1 6)http://www. himalmag. com/2006/may/analysis_3. html 7)http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Justice 8)http://www. pakistanchristianpost. com/newsviewsdetail s. php? newsid=255 9)http://www. wisdomquotes. com/cat_conscience. html 10)http: //prague. usembassy. gov/060117__mlk. html 11)http://www. equalitynow. org/english/urgent/urgent_muk htaranmai en. html How to cite Injustice Anywhere, Papers

The Han Dynasty Methods

Introduction While analyzing the methods the Han Dynasty used, in order to protect China from nomadic tribes, some basic points on the Han period must be considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Han Dynasty Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, it is necessary to point out that the Han period is recognized to be one of the most important eras in Han Chinese history. Nomadic Mongol and Turkic tribes were considered to be the biggest threat to the Han Empire; for this reason, the Han times are associated with chaos and social fragmentation. Thus, it should be noted that nomadic tribesmen established numerous petty kingdoms on the territory of the northern China. They started large-scale ethnic migration, and soon joined the indigenous population. This fact seems to be of particular concern, as representatives of a wide range of nomadic groups lost their ethnic independence when became a part of the Chinese. Close interactions between the indigenous population and nomadic tribes were based on constant conflicts. Due to the interactions the Huns, the Xianbei, the Tibetans, etc. lost their cultural identity. Most of nomadic groups disappeared from the history of China because of their disintegration. The emperor Wu-ti vs. the Xiongnu Generally, it should be pointed out that in times of the Western Han period, China’s strongest enemy was a nomadic tribe the Xiongnu.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unfortunately, the Great Wall constructed by the Chinese, in order to protect their land from a Turkish-speaking nomadic tribe’s invasions was not strong enough to help people in the border. That is why the basic strategies the emperor Wu-ti decided to rely on involved defense and trade. Despite the fact that nomadic groups started to settle the territory of the northern China without a strong military support, the Chinese had no opportunity to protect themselves. The emperor Wu-ti tried to unite his military forces with the Yuezhi – people who were turned out of their own territory by the Xiongnu – the most aggressive representatives of nomadic population. However, his attempts to enter into an alliance with the Yuezhi failed. Thus, one is to keep in mind that the Yuezhi decided to abandon their nomadic life and become civilized nation. People who were driven out by the Xiongnu had no desire to revenge on their offenders. It was a military commander Zhang Qian whom the emperor sent on the mission. Despite the fact that Qian’s attempts to enter into an alliance failed, the commander depicted in detail the use of the so-called Celestial horses much larger than the ponies the Xiongnu possessed. For this reason, the Chinese supposed that they could stop the raiders using horses capable of carrying armor-clad fighters (â€Å"Civili zation† par. 1). In times of the Han Dynasty, the inhabitants of China possessed small horses inappropriate for carrying soldiers into battle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Han Dynasty Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the Han Emperor Wu-ti heard about a new kind of large and strong horses named Celestial Horses from his military commander, he decided to forward his warriors to the king of Fergana. However, it should be noted that the king did not agree to take gold coins and help the emperor. Later, Wu-ti’s warriors came to Fergana again and occupied the capital. The Han Emperor obtained more than 3,000 Celestial horses. Thus, â€Å"The importation of these horses became a high priority to strengthen the Han military, and their successful implementation against the Xiongnu played an important role in the transfer of the western regions of China from Xiongnu to Han controlâ⠂¬  (â€Å"The Han Empire† par. 3). A scientific overview: commercial policy Generally, in times of the Western Han period, Chinese policies in relation to nomadic tribes were rather peaceful. Thus, the authorities concluded numerous agreements with invaders and provided them with agricultural products. At that period, one of the most effective methods the Chinese used to protect themselves was commercial policy. Farming as one of the strategic methods Numerous investigations showed that farming was also one of the strategic methods the Chinese used to protect themselves. Plant, dogs and pigs domestication played an important role in restraining nomadic tribes; although, the intensification of agriculture seemed to improve the strained circumstances the Chinese lived within.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, there is an opinion that people’s social stratification in China started with domestication. Chinese policies fluctuated between peaceful and belligerent approaches to nomadic groups. Adopting a sedentary lifestyle can be also regarded as one of the ways the government had to follow to resolve the problem of rule within ethnic nomadic tribes which were a part of heterogeneous population in the northern China. Sinicization or Chinese customs development allowed to control invaders. The importance of the ecological context There are not only certain distinctions in political, economic and social organization of both societies – the Chinese and nomadic groups, which give us an opportunity to understand the peculiarities of their interactions. The so-called ecological context cannot be ignored, as ecological conditions determined economic relations between the indigenous population and nomadic tribes. Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and Xinjiang were the major are as, which formed the northern frontier in China. Another widespread method, the Chinese used to protect themselves was a flight. When the northern territory of China was overrun by nomadic tribes, people often escaped to the south, as â€Å"southern China was a region of lakes and rivers, with a warm humid climate that supported wet rice agriculture and was inhospitable to mounted cavalry† (Trey Eng 20). North China was recognized to be an important area in times of the Han period. Thus, keeping in mind that the ecological zones of Manchuria were physically isolated, one can conclude that this part of China was vulnerable for nomadic tribes’ attacks. For instance, the western steppe of Liaoxi, which also belonged to Manchuria, was placed not far from agricultural regions the Chinese possessed; so, this area was of particular concern for nomadic tribes. The biggest ecological zone between Korea and Siberia was mostly appropriate for hunters; so, a wide range of nomadic groups was also interested in the part of Manchuria. It should be noted that the primary reason of nomadic tribes’ attacks was Manchuria’s mixed environment. Nomadic tribes carried out a raid on the parts of the northern China and established mixed agricultural economies. Nomads were also interested in Inner Mongolia. As far as the area of north China provided nomads with access to Chinese commodities, it becomes evident that the zone was one of constant tension. The viewpoints on the interactions between the Chinese and nomadic tribes seem to be rather ambiguous. On the one hand, the importance of agriculture cannot be ignored, as the practice of farming can be regarded as one of the primary reasons of Chinese social stratification. Nomadic tribal organization seems to be inconsistent with the activity of growing crops and centralized bureaucratic government. For this reason, constant political and military problems China experienced can be probably explained by nomad s’ different social organization. The strategies of voluntary donations and marriage treaties Generally, Jacqueline Trey Eng is of the opinion that the strategies the Chinese used to deal with nomads depended upon new rulers’ ideological thoughts. There were not only ecological, but also political and economic conceptions, which determined the relations between the Chinese and nomadic tribes. Ethnic majorities regarded new polities as well as political conceptions as barbarian; so, representatives of various nomadic groups had an opportunity to intrude on the areas of the northern China. Taking into account the fact that each government was deeply interested in fortifications along the borders of the northern areas, the reasons of conflicts seem to be obvious. When dynasties had no opportunity to deal with nomads, the only way to avoid conflict was to pay expensive tributes. This strategy is explained by some historians as an act of a voluntary donation. To maintain pe ace, the rulers also relied on the strategy of the so-called marriage treaties. In other words, one can conclude that various forms of interactions between China’s rulers and powerful nomadic tribes were formed on the basis of ecological, economical and sociopolitical conditions. Culturally-based perception of the world and the five-zone theory Culturally-based perception of the world is considered to be one more important point, which should be analyzed in detail. Generally, China realized that there were other civilized countries all over the world; however, in times of the Han period, the Chinese stayed sinocentric in the politico-cultural sense. Such attitude determined how the dynasty managed their interactions. Some of the historians say that the so-called five-zone theory can be used to explain internal and external interactions the dynasty managed. Thus, the key area was mostly associated with the royal domain. It was the first or the central area. According to the th eory, nomadic tribes were placed on the controlled area or the fourth and fifth zones. The analysis of the inner and outer areas gives us an opportunity to trace back the basic conceptions of the Chinese world order. Furthermore, the above-mentioned dichotomy or â€Å"the scheme not only identified foreigners based on geographic distance, but also differentiated those foreigners who were either allies, or at least assimilated, from those who were hostile† (Trey Eng 35). Conclusion The strategies the Chinese used to deal with nomads were of wide range. For instance, when the Chinese were unable to deal with barbarian tribes, they relied on peaceful techniques. Nomads were given agricultural and farming products. Sometimes peaceful strategies were replaced by belligerent practices. While analyzing the strained circumstances the Chinese lived within, one can also notice that the strategy of escape was rather widespread among those who were exposed to attack. Keeping in mind the policies and motivations of the rulers, it becomes evident that each government negotiated their relations with nomadic tribes in their own way. There were ecological, economical, sociopolitical and cultural conditions, which determined the strategies of interaction between the Chinese and the aggressors. The social organization of nomadic tribes as well as nomads’ proximity to agriculturists also shaped the relations between civilized and barbarian populations. Works Cited â€Å"Civilization.† Sjsu.edu. 2000. Web. â€Å"The Han Empire.† Washington.edu. n.d. Web. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/han/han.html. Trey Eng, Jacqueline. â€Å"Nomadic Pastoralists and the Chinese Empire: A Bioarchaeological Study of China’s Northern Frontier.† University of California. 2007. Web. http://homepages.wmich.edu/~jzy8882/docs/JackieEngDiss_sub_final.pdf. This essay on The Han Dynasty Methods was written and submitted by user Johnny Harris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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