The Han Dynasty Methods

Introduction While analyzing the methods the Han Dynasty used, in order to protect China from nomadic tribes, some basic points on the Han period must be considered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Han Dynasty Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, it is necessary to point out that the Han period is recognized to be one of the most important eras in Han Chinese history. Nomadic Mongol and Turkic tribes were considered to be the biggest threat to the Han Empire; for this reason, the Han times are associated with chaos and social fragmentation. Thus, it should be noted that nomadic tribesmen established numerous petty kingdoms on the territory of the northern China. They started large-scale ethnic migration, and soon joined the indigenous population. This fact seems to be of particular concern, as representatives of a wide range of nomadic groups lost their ethnic independence when became a part of the Chinese. Close interactions between the indigenous population and nomadic tribes were based on constant conflicts. Due to the interactions the Huns, the Xianbei, the Tibetans, etc. lost their cultural identity. Most of nomadic groups disappeared from the history of China because of their disintegration. The emperor Wu-ti vs. the Xiongnu Generally, it should be pointed out that in times of the Western Han period, China’s strongest enemy was a nomadic tribe the Xiongnu.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unfortunately, the Great Wall constructed by the Chinese, in order to protect their land from a Turkish-speaking nomadic tribe’s invasions was not strong enough to help people in the border. That is why the basic strategies the emperor Wu-ti decided to rely on involved defense and trade. Despite the fact that nomadic groups started to settle the territory of the northern China without a strong military support, the Chinese had no opportunity to protect themselves. The emperor Wu-ti tried to unite his military forces with the Yuezhi – people who were turned out of their own territory by the Xiongnu – the most aggressive representatives of nomadic population. However, his attempts to enter into an alliance with the Yuezhi failed. Thus, one is to keep in mind that the Yuezhi decided to abandon their nomadic life and become civilized nation. People who were driven out by the Xiongnu had no desire to revenge on their offenders. It was a military commander Zhang Qian whom the emperor sent on the mission. Despite the fact that Qian’s attempts to enter into an alliance failed, the commander depicted in detail the use of the so-called Celestial horses much larger than the ponies the Xiongnu possessed. For this reason, the Chinese supposed that they could stop the raiders using horses capable of carrying armor-clad fighters (â€Å"Civili zation† par. 1). In times of the Han Dynasty, the inhabitants of China possessed small horses inappropriate for carrying soldiers into battle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Han Dynasty Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as the Han Emperor Wu-ti heard about a new kind of large and strong horses named Celestial Horses from his military commander, he decided to forward his warriors to the king of Fergana. However, it should be noted that the king did not agree to take gold coins and help the emperor. Later, Wu-ti’s warriors came to Fergana again and occupied the capital. The Han Emperor obtained more than 3,000 Celestial horses. Thus, â€Å"The importation of these horses became a high priority to strengthen the Han military, and their successful implementation against the Xiongnu played an important role in the transfer of the western regions of China from Xiongnu to Han controlâ⠂¬  (â€Å"The Han Empire† par. 3). A scientific overview: commercial policy Generally, in times of the Western Han period, Chinese policies in relation to nomadic tribes were rather peaceful. Thus, the authorities concluded numerous agreements with invaders and provided them with agricultural products. At that period, one of the most effective methods the Chinese used to protect themselves was commercial policy. Farming as one of the strategic methods Numerous investigations showed that farming was also one of the strategic methods the Chinese used to protect themselves. Plant, dogs and pigs domestication played an important role in restraining nomadic tribes; although, the intensification of agriculture seemed to improve the strained circumstances the Chinese lived within.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, there is an opinion that people’s social stratification in China started with domestication. Chinese policies fluctuated between peaceful and belligerent approaches to nomadic groups. Adopting a sedentary lifestyle can be also regarded as one of the ways the government had to follow to resolve the problem of rule within ethnic nomadic tribes which were a part of heterogeneous population in the northern China. Sinicization or Chinese customs development allowed to control invaders. The importance of the ecological context There are not only certain distinctions in political, economic and social organization of both societies – the Chinese and nomadic groups, which give us an opportunity to understand the peculiarities of their interactions. The so-called ecological context cannot be ignored, as ecological conditions determined economic relations between the indigenous population and nomadic tribes. Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, and Xinjiang were the major are as, which formed the northern frontier in China. Another widespread method, the Chinese used to protect themselves was a flight. When the northern territory of China was overrun by nomadic tribes, people often escaped to the south, as â€Å"southern China was a region of lakes and rivers, with a warm humid climate that supported wet rice agriculture and was inhospitable to mounted cavalry† (Trey Eng 20). North China was recognized to be an important area in times of the Han period. Thus, keeping in mind that the ecological zones of Manchuria were physically isolated, one can conclude that this part of China was vulnerable for nomadic tribes’ attacks. For instance, the western steppe of Liaoxi, which also belonged to Manchuria, was placed not far from agricultural regions the Chinese possessed; so, this area was of particular concern for nomadic tribes. The biggest ecological zone between Korea and Siberia was mostly appropriate for hunters; so, a wide range of nomadic groups was also interested in the part of Manchuria. It should be noted that the primary reason of nomadic tribes’ attacks was Manchuria’s mixed environment. Nomadic tribes carried out a raid on the parts of the northern China and established mixed agricultural economies. Nomads were also interested in Inner Mongolia. As far as the area of north China provided nomads with access to Chinese commodities, it becomes evident that the zone was one of constant tension. The viewpoints on the interactions between the Chinese and nomadic tribes seem to be rather ambiguous. On the one hand, the importance of agriculture cannot be ignored, as the practice of farming can be regarded as one of the primary reasons of Chinese social stratification. Nomadic tribal organization seems to be inconsistent with the activity of growing crops and centralized bureaucratic government. For this reason, constant political and military problems China experienced can be probably explained by nomad s’ different social organization. The strategies of voluntary donations and marriage treaties Generally, Jacqueline Trey Eng is of the opinion that the strategies the Chinese used to deal with nomads depended upon new rulers’ ideological thoughts. There were not only ecological, but also political and economic conceptions, which determined the relations between the Chinese and nomadic tribes. Ethnic majorities regarded new polities as well as political conceptions as barbarian; so, representatives of various nomadic groups had an opportunity to intrude on the areas of the northern China. Taking into account the fact that each government was deeply interested in fortifications along the borders of the northern areas, the reasons of conflicts seem to be obvious. When dynasties had no opportunity to deal with nomads, the only way to avoid conflict was to pay expensive tributes. This strategy is explained by some historians as an act of a voluntary donation. To maintain pe ace, the rulers also relied on the strategy of the so-called marriage treaties. In other words, one can conclude that various forms of interactions between China’s rulers and powerful nomadic tribes were formed on the basis of ecological, economical and sociopolitical conditions. Culturally-based perception of the world and the five-zone theory Culturally-based perception of the world is considered to be one more important point, which should be analyzed in detail. Generally, China realized that there were other civilized countries all over the world; however, in times of the Han period, the Chinese stayed sinocentric in the politico-cultural sense. Such attitude determined how the dynasty managed their interactions. Some of the historians say that the so-called five-zone theory can be used to explain internal and external interactions the dynasty managed. Thus, the key area was mostly associated with the royal domain. It was the first or the central area. According to the th eory, nomadic tribes were placed on the controlled area or the fourth and fifth zones. The analysis of the inner and outer areas gives us an opportunity to trace back the basic conceptions of the Chinese world order. Furthermore, the above-mentioned dichotomy or â€Å"the scheme not only identified foreigners based on geographic distance, but also differentiated those foreigners who were either allies, or at least assimilated, from those who were hostile† (Trey Eng 35). Conclusion The strategies the Chinese used to deal with nomads were of wide range. For instance, when the Chinese were unable to deal with barbarian tribes, they relied on peaceful techniques. Nomads were given agricultural and farming products. Sometimes peaceful strategies were replaced by belligerent practices. While analyzing the strained circumstances the Chinese lived within, one can also notice that the strategy of escape was rather widespread among those who were exposed to attack. Keeping in mind the policies and motivations of the rulers, it becomes evident that each government negotiated their relations with nomadic tribes in their own way. There were ecological, economical, sociopolitical and cultural conditions, which determined the strategies of interaction between the Chinese and the aggressors. The social organization of nomadic tribes as well as nomads’ proximity to agriculturists also shaped the relations between civilized and barbarian populations. Works Cited â€Å"Civilization.† Sjsu.edu. 2000. Web. â€Å"The Han Empire.† Washington.edu. n.d. Web. http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/han/han.html. Trey Eng, Jacqueline. â€Å"Nomadic Pastoralists and the Chinese Empire: A Bioarchaeological Study of China’s Northern Frontier.† University of California. 2007. Web. http://homepages.wmich.edu/~jzy8882/docs/JackieEngDiss_sub_final.pdf. This essay on The Han Dynasty Methods was written and submitted by user Johnny Harris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Becoming Your Characters

Becoming Your Characters Becoming Your Characters Becoming Your Characters By Michael It sounds like you, said my friend, the playwright, when I asked him about the script I had given him. Coming from a successful writer, it wasnt a compliment. If all the characters in your novel sound like you, maybe you should forget about the novel and write an autobiographical monologue instead. Youll find, if you listen to them, that your characters want to be free. They want to be individuals. Just like your children, they dont want to be exactly like you. And, just like your children, they shouldnt be. Many fiction writers approach their work as an actor does his. When they are writing about a character, they become that character. Actors call it Method acting, based on the methods of Russian director Konstantin Stanislavsky. Method acting was a reaction to the nineteenth century tradition of making rhetorical gestures that were supposed to represent every human emotion. Writers can fall into a similar trap, where their characters act in clichà ©d manners, always weeping when they are sad, always chuckling when they are happy. (My characters are always smiling.) The key to Method writing is to understand the character, then let the character live. When you know, even subconsciously, what the character is like, you will instinctively know what the character is going to do or say. Some authors, like some actors, write out elaborate biographies for every major character before they begin. For others, such pre-planning would hurt their creative process. Indeed, as you write, even well-researched characters usually end up surprising you, as you realize that they arent exactly who you thought they were. This may sound more mystical than it needs to. Im not advocating a voodoo-like possession, where your characters take over your life. But a sensitive writer knows when an action or a statement rings true to that character or not. Of course, if youre not discreet as you work, people will look at you funny. One daughter of a famous nineteenth century novelist recalled how he would write his dialog out loud, playing each character in turn in fine theatrical style. After receiving that mild rebuke from my friend the playwright, I found myself working on dialog as I walked to work along a certain downtown street. I wasnt the only person on that street talking to himself. Later I discovered that just around the corner was a shelter that catered to the homeless mentally ill. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionTypes of Plots

1984 - Summary and Book Report Tips

1984 - Summary and Book Report Tips Writing a Book Report If youre writing a book report on the novel 1984, you will need to include a summary of the story line, as well as all of the following elements, like title, setting, and characters. You must also make sure you include a strong introductory sentence and a good conclusion, as well. Title, Author Publication 1984 is a novel by George Orwell. It was first published in 1949 by Secker and Warburg. Currently it is published by the Penguin Group of New York.   Setting 1984 is set in the fictional future state of Oceania. This is one of three totalitarian super states that have come to control the world. In the world of 1984, the government controls every aspect of human existence, especially individual thought. Note: A totalitarian government is one that is strictly governed by a dictator (or strong leader) and expects complete subservience to the state. Characters Winston Smith – the protagonist of the story, Winston works for the Ministry of Truth revising historical events to favor the Party. His dissatisfaction with his life and the love he finds cause him to rebel against the Party. Julia – Winston’s love interest and his fellow rebel. O’Brien – the antagonist of the novel, O’Brien traps and captures Winston and Julia. Big Brother – the leader of the Party, Big Brother is never actually seen, but exists as a symbol of the totalitarian regime. Plot Winston Smith, disillusioned by the oppressive nature of the Party, begins a romance with Julia. Thinking they have found a haven of safety from the prying eyes of the Thought Police, they continue their affair until they are betrayed by O’Brien. Julia and Winston are sent to the Ministry of Love where they are tortured into betraying each other and accepting the truth of the Party indoctrination. Questions to Ponder 1. Consider the use of language. What irony exists in the naming of the Ministries?How does Orwell’s use of language contribute to the idea that language is power?How does Orwell’s use of misnomers contribute to the satire of 1984? 2. Examine theme of the Individual vs. Society What is a dystopian society?What does Orwell seem to be saying about the power of individual action?In what way does 1984 reflect the real political systems of the time, i.e.Communist Soviet Union or Fascist Nazi Germany? 3. What events or people could have influenced Orwell? Although the title is 1984, the book was published in 1949. What events around that time could have influenced Orwell?The Diary of a Young Girl was published in 1947, how could this work have influenced Orwell?1946 saw the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, did Orwell draw anything from this? Possible First Sentences The list of statements below are meant to help you develop a strong introductory paragraph. The statements may also help you construct an effective thesis statement for your paper. Big Brother is watching has become a common term in our modern language, but the phrase has lost some of its potency.  George Orwell’s 1984 is a novel of social science fiction.The danger of totalitarianism rests in its power to suppress the individual.The conflict between courage and betrayal is a central one in the novel 1984.

000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

000 - Essay Example Moreover, this thesis looks more like a fact which cannot be argued. Yes, new power sources for cars appear, such as electric batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. But no one can argue that, this statement won’t cause a debate. The author could have restated the thesis and make it more debatable. For instance, â€Å"the appearance of these new power sources in the auto industry generates a number of questions concerning safety, effectiveness and convenience of their usage†. And then the author would continue his/her essay, describing pros and cons of these new sources. In this essay there are some good justifications that using electric engines and hydrogen fuel cells might be inconvenient and even dangerous. 2) The author’s counterarguments are the disadvantages of new power sources for cars. Throughout the author’s main point is that gas energy won’t be used in the near future, because it is expensive and pollutes the nature. He/she argues that electric engines and hydrogen fuel cells are better choices. There are some counterarguments, but they are scattered throughout the essay. The author claims, that despite the benefits of new sources, some problems may arise. With electric cars the problem is, firstly, the exorbitant price, and secondly, the need to charge it all the time. In the case of hydrogen fuel cells, the gallons might be explosive, so there is a need for a proper tool to fuel a car. The counterarguments are real – they are stated facts. 3) According to Joining Academic Conversations, there are several types of arguments: arguments from the heart, arguments based on value, on facts and reason, on character, proposals, stylish and humorous arguments. On the whole, I would say that his essay does not deserve the highest mark. It does not meet the standards of MLA format. Moreover, the thesis needs some revision, because it is simply restating a fact. And I would change the

Southwest Airline Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Southwest Airline Case - Essay Example ch eventually was Southwest’s primary strength and one of the major contributor of their success), can further promote company loyalty among its employees which in return will definitely deliver not just great but rather, excellent customer service that will fully satisfy their customers. Southwest Airlines’ success story was definitely not an easy business venture to accomplish because, as a new entrant in the airline industry way back in the seventies, they had to battle out large and well-established airline companies such as Continental Air just to be able to gain shares in the market and also, they even have to unfortunately adhere on to (unfair) state policies, one of which was the so-called Wright Amendment, whose alleged intention was to slow down Southwest’s progress [â€Å"Southwest Airlines (A)† p.53]. But despite all the obstacles hindering their company growth, Southwest’s strategy in confronting this dilemma however, under the leadership of Herb Keller the company’s CEO, was to give more focus into improving its services more for their customers’ satisfaction and delight rather than be provoked and get depressed by the imposed threats of their competitors. Among the other winning strategies that Southwest have f ostered, which eventually spring-boarded their competitiveness, were to fly to airports that are underutilized and close to a metropolitan area (convenient for tourists and especially for business travelers), frequent on-time departures and arrivals, non-stop flying (from point-of-origin to destination), faster turnarounds (meaning, more time flying in the air than being on the ground), of course having low-cost fares which obviously is very attractive to customers, and best of all, their unsurpassed quality customer service [â€Å"Southwest Airlines (A)† p.55]. But to give emphasis on the major competitive advantage of Southwest against all of their competitors is their cost-saving structure because of their longer or non-stop

Emily Dickinson - The Feet Of People Walking Home :: essays research papers fc

One of Emily Dickinson’s poems, formally titled â€Å"The feet of people walking home,† is of some interest in its own merit. Unlike some of Dickinson’s other poems, such as the ones that exist among other versions due to a few dissimilarities, this poem is duplicated verbatim. To the untrained eye, this triviality would often be overlooked, were it not for the fact that Emily Dickinson had not intended on publishing many of her poems. Why, then, did she duplicate this poem? Perhaps a more in-depth analysis of the poem, as well as the current events in Dickinson’s life, would answer this query. Estimated to have been written in the year 1858, the poem begins its first stanza by conveying the emotions of gaiety and joyfulness, which are associated with passage to heaven. A much more somber note pervades the second stanza, in which Dickinson uses metaphors to compare the entrance to heaven with the act of theft. The third stanza combines the previous two by hinting at the theory that those who are already in heaven do not want more people entering heaven’s gates, because that would diminish the high status that heaven and angels hold. The tone in the first stanza is of joyousness and excitement, as people make their way to heaven. Dickinson uses the words â€Å"gayer,† â€Å"hallelujah,† and â€Å"singing† to emphasize the uplifting feeling here. It could be argued that this is the point in the humans’ lives (or deaths, or afterlives, depending on how one looks at it) when they reach the pinnacle of happiness, for they have finally entered heaven. The humans, now dead, would then acquire wings, immortality, and an angelic status that rises far above that of humans. Much like Dickinson’s other poems, this one uses metaphors to represent similar things, such as â€Å"home,† which represents â€Å"heaven,† â€Å"snow,† which represents the â€Å"clouds† on which heaven resides, and â€Å"vassals,† which represents the â€Å"angels† who serve God. The second stanza shares a relation to the first, but it could be described as being completely opposite in tone. Dickinson uses the words â€Å"extorted,† â€Å"larceny,† and â€Å"death† to emphasize the crime that is personified here. Dickinson uses more metaphors in this stanza to compare the onrush of people entering heaven to divers who take pearls from the sea. In both cases, a sense of â€Å"value† is diminished, or perhaps even lost. Referring back to the first stanza, Dickinson subtly states that the status of angels would no longer be as honorable or magnificent as it is now if everyone were to acquire wings, achieve immortality, and enter heaven.

Week Term Paper

What Is the vision/Nilsson behind the Good Hotel concept? The vision/mission behind the Good Hotel concept is to maintain its identity as a â€Å"hotel with a conscience† – encompassing a positive attitude, environmental sensitive, and philanthropy. The intent of the vision is to inspire the â€Å"good in us all†. (Pearce, 2012 p. 10-1, 10-2) 2. What three alternatives Is Pan Cajuns considering for her recommendation to the new ownership of Good Hotel? Provide pros and cons of each.General Manager of Good Hotel, Pam Cajuns has made great strides in getting to know her staff, guests, ND neighborhood over the last six months. She has beat financial forecasts for the first quarter 201 0 and guest service is on the rise. (Pearce, 2012, p. 10-2) With these accomplishments, Pam is faced with a challenge. Good Hotel, owned and operated by Joel De Veer Hotels has decided to sell and Pam Cajuns Is charged with preparing an evaluation and recommendation to the new ownershi p.Pam's recommendation considerations are to continue, expand or discontinue the current concept of Good Hotel. Continue the current concept: Good Hotel branded as a boutique hotel, one which â€Å"provides personalized accommodations and services and facilities†, (Pearce, 2012, p. 10-6) has established itself in the $77-billion market. With demonstrated Increased occupancy and revenue from November 2008 through March 2010, Good Hotel has a positive track record to continue its current concept.The downside to this decision Is Good Hotel's position as a green hotel may be perceived to be trendy and trends can change. Customers may no longer be willing to pay a higher price if the Green â€Å"wave† changes. To prevent this, Good Hotel must strive for more innovative ways to attract customers. Judd senior vice president of operations and green committee chair, Carlen Holman, launched the company's Green Dreams portal, a dedicated page on Its Web site where consumers could track the company's ongoing efforts to preserve the environment. † (Pearce, 2012, p. 0-8, 10;9) Ideas Like this are paramount in keeping the consumer base informed of Good Hotel's dedication to its mission and vision. Expand Current Operations: Because Good Hotel has demonstrated positive gains and performance I do not feel expansion is a wise decision. Though the current trends show increases, the data rend Is only 17 months, not long enough to support this decision. Discontinue Current Operations: Lastly, there is sufficient data to support continued operations therefore: to discontinue operations I feel would not be wise.JDK has found a niche market who is willing to pay the increased cost to visit Good Hotel. 3. How would you characterize Good Hotel's target customers? American sociologist Paul Ray coined the phrase â€Å"Cultural Creative† or Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (ALOHAS)†. (Pearce, 2012, p. 10-5) This Is a population of demonstrates the h ousehold income for the target audience at $65,700 (Brooks, S) not allowing enough expendable income to support frequent stays at Good Hotel.However, this is only a segment of a customer base consisting of 38 million people with the spending power of $209 billion annually according to the Natural Marketing Institute. (Pearce, 2012, p. 10-5) 4. What is Judd marketing strategy to promote Good Hotel? Joe De Viewer's marketing strategy for Good Hotel is social media and word of mouth. The strategy of word of mouth is most effective through positive execution of the mission and vision. Effective execution results in enhanced customer satisfaction which yields positive word of mouth advertisement.The use of social media is also an effective marketing tool when targeting this age group. The primary form of media for this age group is the computer. However, additional use of other forms of media (television and/or radio) would reach a larger market. 5. How would you competitively position G ood Hotel relative to its rivals? Good Hotel has established itself as a Green hotel and targeted the correct audience. There exists a tremendous trend now with being environmentally conscious and leaving things better than the way we found them.